While board members typically bring a variety of talents and expertise to the table, they don’t always have extensive experience with financial and accounting matters. So how can you best communicate the essential financial information they need to do their jobs?
The need to know
There’s no denying it — board members can’t properly perform their functions if they don’t obtain and understand information about the organization’s financial position. Without timely financial information, they can neither make informed decisions about goals and planning nor monitor the organization’s progress toward those goals. They also can’t fulfill their fiduciary responsibilities.
Members of boards with finance or audit committees might be under the false impression that only the committee members need to concern themselves with the financial nitty-gritty. That couldn’t be further from the truth — every board member must possess at least a basic understanding of the financial statements to make decisions that satisfy his or her duty of care.
Crucial items
At a minimum, the board needs to receive the following financial information. On a monthly or quarterly basis, they should receive it in an accurate and timely manner:
- Statement of financial position (balance sheet),
- Statement of activities (income statement),
- Actual results compared to budget, and
- Operational figures (for example, cost per unit of service).
IRS Form 990 should be presented to the board annually. And the board should remain up to date on the nonprofit’s current goals and programs. Benchmarks make the data more meaningful.
This information will help a board in evaluation mode. When engaged in planning, board members also need trend analyses, information about the external environment and its impact on the organization, financial projections and multiple budget scenarios. Capital projects or new programs under consideration may require specialized budgets of their own.
Setting the stage
Several steps can help management present financial information to their boards more effectively. For starters, every board member should receive some training on how to read and use financial reports.
The board orientation process should allocate time for new members to meet with the chief financial officer or similar staff person to go over the financial report format, and to understand the organization’s critical financial factors. The board members can meet with the CEO or executive director, too, for a review of the organization’s financial results and the goals for upcoming programs and new strategic directions.
Periodic refresher sessions for veteran board members also are advisable. Your CPA can make valuable contributions to these meetings and sessions, bringing an independent perspective to the discussions and shedding light on the audit process.
How to deliver the numbers
Before you get to the point of training your board, you’ll need to develop a user-friendly format for your financial reports. Bear in mind that graphs are often easier to understand than columns of numbers, and can provide a useful vehicle for sharing trending information.
Similarly, board members may find it easier to process ratios, which combine two or more pieces of financial data to provide a more comprehensive view. For example, fundraising efficiency can be expressed as a ratio that divides contributed income by fundraising expense.
Use summarized information for income and expenses, rather than providing detailed line items. This makes it easier for board members to focus on the big picture and steers them away from day-to-day micromanaging.
You also should provide a narrative section along with the numbers. You can use the narrative to highlight significant items and explain notable variances between budgeted and actual figures.
Make sure the necessary financial statements are prepared well in advance of board meetings and distributed to board members at least one week before the meeting. This gives them time for review.
Your audience
No single financial reporting approach or format works for every organization. Take the time to consider your audience and its level of financial expertise when determining how to convey the information they need to fulfill their responsibilities.
